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The Battle of Lipnic (or Lipnica, or Lipniţi) was a battle between the Moldavian forces under Stephen the Great, and the Volga Tatars of the Golden Horde led by Ahmed Khan, and which took place on the August 20, 1470. ==The battle== In the summer of 1470 (other sources give 1469), Mamak〔Other sources render his name as Moniak, Mainac or Manyak〕 (Ahmed Khan), the Great Khan of the Great Horde, the central principality of the Mongol-Tatar Golden Horde, organized an attack against Moldavia, the Kingdom of Poland, and Lithuania. Stephen and the Polish king Casimir IV Jagiellon were previously informed of the future attack by the Khan of the Crimean Khanate, Meñli I Giray (1466-1515, with intermittence), who was an occasional ally of Stephen the Great, and had a clear stance against the Golden Horde. The hordes unleashed a three-directional attack〔Stanislaus Sarnicius: ''Annales Seu De Origine Et Rebus Gestis Polonorum Et Lithuanorum'' : “The Tatars from beyond the Volga, with their Khan Mamiak, crossing the river, had split into three armies: one towards Lithuania, other to Podolia, and the thirds to Moldavia.”〕 via Podolia, being conducted by the brother and son of the Khan. They first raided and pillaged the eastern territories of Poland, and as Casimir failed to gather enough forces to attack them,〔Nicolae Costin: ''Letopiseţul Ţării Moldovei''〕 the Tatars then headed southwards against Moldavia. Chronicles speak of several clashes and two other battles〔Stanislaus Sarnicius: ''Annales Seu De Origine Et Rebus Gestis Polonorum Et Lithuanorum'': “The Moldavian Voivode beat them three times, catching the very son of the Khan.”〕 both of which being won by the Moldavians. Nevertheless, the final and most violent was to take place at Lipinţi, a village near the Dniester, in the Soroca County, modern Republic of Moldova. By this time, the Tatars had started to retreat carrying into slavery several thousand women and children,〔Nicolae Costin in ''Letopiseţul Ţării Moldovei'' speaks of 10,000 people〕 hundreds of herds of cattle, horses, and flocks of sheep. By August 20, Stephen managed to swerve this Tatar convoy, and to divert them to a trap set at the edge of the lime tree forest near Lipnic, and to force the Tatars to face the Moldavians in an open battle. There are no actual descriptions of the battle, but it is accounted as to have been a bloody and violent one. Large numbers from the ranks of both the Moldavians and of the Tatars perished. While most of the Tatars died in the battle itself, a large number of them actually drowned in the Dniester while attempting escape by fleeing. Numerous Tatars were captured, including the Khan’s son. The Khan’s brother died in the battle. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Battle of Lipnic」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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